O corpo da nação: posicionamentos governamentais sobre a educação física no Brasil monárquico / The body of the nation: government positions on physical education during tHe Brazilian monarchy

Associadas a projetos de construção da ideia de nação, no Brasil monárquico foram encaminhadas, pelo governo imperial, algumas iniciativas no sentido de materializar propostas de educação física. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar os sentidos e significados atribuídos ao tema na legislação e nos relatórios anuais do Ministério dos Negócios do Império (1831-1889), com especial interesse pelo que se refere ao Rio de Janeiro. A abordagem do assunto nas fontes pesquisadas evidencia que as visões sobre a educação física se deram a partir de uma matriz que articulava concepções de moral, saúde e civilização, tendo que lidar com as condições concretas de um país recém-independente, periférico e com uma burocracia ainda em formação.

In association with its nation building projects, the imperial government in Brazil under monarchic rule took some concrete actions based on proposals for physical education. The aim of this article is to investigate the meanings and significations attributed to this subject in the legislation and the annual reports issued by the Ministry of Business of the Empire (1831-1889), giving special attention to Rio de Janeiro. The approach to the subject in the sources researched demonstrates that the views of physical education took shape through a web of ideas that associated moral, health and civilization conceptions, in a bid to deal with the concrete circumstances of a newly independent peripheral nation with a bureaucratic structure in the process of formation.

Sequential use of ammonium and leucine as nitrogen sources during growth of Geotrichum candidum on a glucose based medium / Uso secuencial del amonio y leucina como fuentes de nitrógeno durante el crecimiento de Geotrichum candidum en un medio basado en glucosa

Geotrichum candidum growth on ammonium and leucine as nitrogen sources and glucose as a carbon source was examined. A clear preference of G. candidum for ammonium over leucine as a nitrogen source was shown. Indeed, ammonium was completely exhausted at the end of exponential growth after less than 35 hrs of culture; in contrast only 5 percent of leucine was concomitantly assimilated. Growth continued at slower rates on glucose and leucine as carbon and nitrogen sources respectively, and at the end of culture (185 hrs), leucine was completely exhausted.

Bacterioplankton abundance, biomass and production in a Brazilian coastal lagoon and in two German lakes

The bacterioplanktonic abundance, biomass, and production within a tropical lagoon (Cabiúnas, Brazil) and two temperate lakes (Stechlin and Dagow, Germany) were compared. Bacterial abundance and production were significantly different among the three water bodies. The lowest bacterial production ( 0.8mug C l-1 d-1) was observed in the tropical Cabiúnas Lagoon despite its higher mean temperature and dissolved organic carbon concentration. Highest bacterioplankton abundance ( 2.6 x 10(9) cells l-1) and production ( 68.5mug C l-1 d-1) were measured in eutrophic Lake Dagow. In oligotrophic Lake Stechlin, the lowest bacterial biomass ( 48.05mug C l-1) was observed because of lower bacterial biovolume ( 0.248mum³) and lower bacterial abundance. Bacterial populations in the temperate lakes show higher activity (production/biomass ratio) than in the tropical lagoon. The meaning of isotopic dilution and leucine incorporation by non-bacterial micro-organisms were evaluated in the oligotrophic temperate system. Leucine uptake by non-bacterial micro-organisms did not have significant influence on bacterial production

Effect of Walker 256 tumor growth on intestinal absorption of leucine, methionine and glucose in newly weaned and mature rats

In tumor-bearing rats, most of the serum amino acids are used for synthesis and oxidation processes by the neoplastic tissue. In the present study, the effect of Walker 256 carcinoma growth on the intestinal absorption of leucine, methionine and glucose was investigated in newly weaned and mature rats. Food intake and carcass weight were decreased in newly weaned (NT) and mature (MT) rats bearing Walker 256 tumor in comparison with control animals (NC and MC). The tumor/carcass weight ratio was higher in NT than in MT rats, whereas nitrogen balance was significantly decreased in both as compared to control animals. Glucose absorption was significantly reduced in MT rats (MT = 47.3 ñ 4.9 vs MC = 99.8 ñ 5.3 nmol min-1 cm-1, Kruskal-Wallis test, P<0.05) but this fact did not hamper the evolution of cancer. There was a significant increase in methionine absorption in both groups (NT = 4.2 ñ 0.3 and MT = 2.0 ñ 0.1 vs NC = 3.7 ñ 0.1 and MC = 1.2 ñ 0.2 nmol min-1 cm-1, Kruskal-Wallis test, P<0.05), whereas leucine absorption was increased only in young tumor-bearing rats (NT = 8.6 ñ 0.2 vs NC = 7.7 ñ 0.4 nmol min-1 cm-1, Kruskal-Wallis test, P<0.05), suggesting that these metabolites are being used for synthesis and oxidation processes by the neoplastic cells, which might ensure their rapid proliferation especially in NT rats.

Kinetics of translation and glycosylation of pituitary glycoproteins

The present study determines the basal kinectics of synthesis of translation (by[(14)C] leucine incorporation. [(14)C] leu-PROT] and of proximal (by [(3)H] mannose incorparation. [(3)H] man-PROT) and distal (by [3H] galactose incorporation, [(3)H] gal-PROT) glycosylation of total adenohypophyseal glycoproteins, by rat pituitary cells in primary culture. In order to obtain more information regarding the role of both septs of glycosylation on the secretory process, the effects of cycloheximide (CH; translation inhibitor) and tunicamycin (TM; glycosylation inhibitor) on the kinetics of synthesis and release of pituitary glycoproteins were also studied. Cells were incubated in medium containing [(14)C] leu plus [(3)H] man or [(14)C] leu plus [(3)H] gal, for various time-intervals (from 0.5 to 5h) in the abscence (control) or presence of different doses od CH (1.0;4.0 or 16.0 mug/ml) or TM (0.5;1.0 or 2.0 mug/ml). The kinetics of synthesis (slope=3488) and release (slope=622) of [(14)C] le-PROT were higler than those of the sugar percursos (slopes: [(3)H] man-PROT=1751 and 526; [(3)H] gal-PROT=1231 and 506). Leucine or mannose-labeled protein was barely detectable in the medium after 2h incubation, whereas galactose-labeled protein had already been released into the incubation medium by 30min. Cycloheximide induced translation blockage and, concomitantly, produced a marked inhibition of [(3)H] man incorporation. On the other hand, TM inhibited the kinetics of synthesis and release of [(3)H] man-PROT without affecting those of [(14)C] leu-PROT. The kinetics of synthesis and release of [(3)H] gal-PROT, although diminished, maintained linearity and increased in function of time, even in the presence of the antibiotics. Thus, the present results on glycoproteins from the pituitary gland are consistent with the previous conclusion for other mammalian glycoproteins that carbohydrate attachment occurs in several steps to molecules destined to be secreted. Addition of mannose (proximal glycosylation) is a co-translational event and that of galactose (distal glycosylation) is post-translational and can be designated as final stages in carbohydrate assembly, occurring close to the time of release. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the absence of the carbohydrate side chains of the pituitary glycoprotein does not prevent the intracellular transport of the protein and its export from the cell.

Degradabilidade da proteína e desdobramento da mimosina da Leucaena leucocephala (lam) de with no rúmen de búfalos sob dietas com diferentes níveis de proteínas / Protein degradability and transformation of miimosine from Leucaena leucocephala (lam) the with in the rumen of buffaloes under diets with different protein levels

A técnica de sacos de náilon suspensos no rúmen foi utilizada para estudar a degradabilidade da proteína bruta e do desdobramento da mimosina da Leucaena leucocephala em búfalos submetidos a um experimento em quadrado latino (4 x 4) com diferentes níveis de proteína bruta na raçäo (8,7; 10,5; 12,5 e 14,9 por cento na MS). As raçöes näo promoveram diferenças significativas (P>0,01) na degradabilidade ruminal da proteína bruta da leucaena, que variou entre 30,92 por cento a 71,70 por cento em 3 e 48 horas de suspensäo no rúmen, respectivamente. Houve uma lenta degradaçäo ruminal da proteína e um acentuado desdobramento da mimosina nas amostras de leucaena colocadas dentro dos sacos de náilon no rúmen de búfalos

Efecto de iones amonio sobre la entrada de L-leucina en Saccharomyces cerevisiae: represíon e inhibicíon of transport systems / Effect of ammoniun ions on the uptake of L-leucine: repression and inhibition of transport systems

En Saccharomyces cerevisiae la entrada de L-leucina es mediada por la permeasa general de aminoácidos, GAP, y dos sistemas cinéticamente caracterizados, uno de alta afinidad y baja velocidad, S1, para concentraciones externas de L-leucina 0,05-01mM y otro de baja afinidad, alta velocidad, S2, para concentraciones externas 1.0mM. En células crecidas en medios suplementados con amonio, como única fuente de nitrógeno, los valores de entrada e incorporación son menores que en células crecidas en medios suplementados con L-prolina. En condiciones de represión de la GAP por iones amonio, la entrada de L-leucina es mediada por los sistemas S1 y S2. Los dos sistemas son parcialmente inhibidos por efecto de iones amonio. En condiciones de depresion de la GAP, por crecimiento en L-prolina, la entrada de L-leucina es mediada por los sistemas S1 y GAP, bajas concentraciones externas de L-leucina mediada por centraciones externas. El amonio inhibe en mayor extensión la entrada de L-leucina mediada por La GAP